kurumas oggu katha

OGGU KATHA- CULTURE OF KURUMAS AND GOLLAS

OGGU KATHA :

 

Theatre as seen in the previous chapter structured on its own

grammar, is bound to survive on the inter relationship that exists between the

units such as text, context / space, performer and audience. In the process of

relationship among the events the meanings are conveyed. Since the

meanings have to have bearing within the units, an inevitable interplay of the

units takes in sharing that which is called as Traditional Knowledge. Language

in general and theatrical language in particular is shared by the folk, which

owns it and understands it to general consequences. Therefore to read a

language it is imperative to understand who speaks it in what contexts. Unless

one understands the people and their language, one may not be able to

understand the different ways of communicating in different contexts. The

language refers to the language system shared by a community of speakers,

where as "Parole" refers to the individual speech acts made possible by the

language, i.e., the concrete utterances by individual speakers in actual

structures.

Therefore, to understand the language, it is imperative to understand

the community, which speaks it. Arguing from their standpoint a theatrical

grammar should essentially relate itself to the relationship between the

audience and performers who share and understand the language of theatre.

For this reason,' to understand Oggu Katha form from a theatrical perspective

it is most proper to understand the community, which owns it and perpetuates

it. Therefore, in this chapter, as cultural milieu to Oggu Katha, ethnographic

details of the community of Kurumas / Gollas and their priests known as

oggupujarulu who actually perform this katha (Narrative) is studied. This

study is crucial because the material objects used to invoke certain signs

while performing the narrative is shared by the community during various

rituals, be it at familial or communal levels. Similarly the verbal expressions in

the narrative of the performance are also shared by the community at various

contexts. Unless one understands such background, one may not perhaps

understand better the theatrical grammar that is implicit in Oggu Katha.

Oggu Katha, which manifests itself in different places, with different

motives, in its most indigenous, untouched and pure form is found in

'Einavolu'. Einavolu or Inole and or Eileni as it is popularly known is a remote

village near Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh state (plates 1 & 2). The

Mallikarjuna Devasthanam of Inole is maintained by the endowment

department of the State Government of Andhra Pradesh. The inscriptions

found in the temple premises read that the temple was built by 'Ganapathi

Deva 'of Kakatiya Dynasty around 11th century A.D. and installed deity is

called 'Mailaru Deva' (plate 3). Mailaru Deva is one of the many names given

to Mallanna, the caste deity of the pastoral community of the Andhra Pradesh.

The family of Oggu Pujaries serving this temple bear the surname of "Majjiga"

which means butter milk itself hints at the origin of the community.

These Oggu Pujaries at Inole perform and narrate the story of Mallanna exclusively.

They belong to Kuramas sub-sect of pastoral community of Andhra Pradesh,

which makes their livelihood from cattle, and sell milk and milk products. They

are also shepherds. The community popularly called as "Yadavas / Yadavulu"

owe their origin to Lord Krishna. There are two major divisions amongst the

community. The 'Gollas and the Kurumas'. The 'Gollas are again of as many

as twelve sub-sects and Kurumas are of two divisions. "Sarlandri Balamma1.

who belongs to the "Golla" community and is of 75 years of age explained

thus on the division of' Gollalu', "Maa Mandila Unnattu iga inka ewarila ledu'.

Memu Krishnuniki puttinollam gada andukiinni teerluga unnamu. Krishnuniki

eduguru pendlalu gollala manta. Aayana pillalnnatlu iga kurmolemo Mallanna

biddalu. Gollalu pannedu theeerlunnaru, konni perlu chepta: Erra Gollalu,

PaakanatiGollalu, Mushti Gollalu, Domalollu, Pua Gollalu, Ve Gollalu, Modati

Gollalu, Karna Gollalu. Kurumollalo kuda rendu theerlunnaru: Pathollu, inka,

Unnollu. Allane Oggu Pujarolu, Kurmollu antam. Gollollu Mallannanu puja

cheste, Kurmollaku Beeranna Devudannattu'A

"We in our community have different sects this is mainly because we

are the descendents of Lord Krishna. Krishna had seven wives and we are

his children. Children of each wife become each sub-sect. We are nearly

twelve sub-sects in Gollas. I will tell you as many names as I remember: Erra

Gollalu, Paakantai Gollalu, Mushti Gollalu, Domalollu, Pua Gollalu, Ve Gollalu,

ModatiGollalu, Karna Gollalu. And there are two sects under the Kurmas- they

are Pathollu and Unnollu. They are called as Oggu Pujaries and Kuramas.

While the gollas worship 'Mallanna,' the kurmas worship 'Beeranna."

" In earlier days each sub-sect used to get their child married in their

own community. We paakanti gollalu never used to give our girls in marriage

to Erra Gollalu or others but now-a-days everything is possible.

Figure giving the details of various sub-sects of Pastoral community in

Andhra Pradesh.

Figure - III.2

Pastoral community

Gollalu (12 sects):

Ø  Erra Gollalu

Ø  Mekala

Ø  Paakanti Gollalu

Ø  Kankaram

Ø  MusthiGollalu

Ø  Domalollu

Ø  Pua Gollalu

Ø  Ve Gollalu

Ø  ModatiGollalu

Ø  Karna Gollalu

Ø  Pedditi

Ø  Gangeddu

Ø  Kurumalu (2 sects)

Ø  Oggu Pujarulu

Ø  Pathollu Unnollu

"The 'Kuruvas' popularly called as 'Kurumas' are mainly seen in the

Rayalaseema and Telangana regions of the State. The Kurumas are also

called as 'Birappala Varu ' or 'Goravas' in the neighbouring state of

Karnataka. There is a famous anecdote regarding the origin of Birappa and

Mallanna- the caste deities of kurumas and gollas, which says that the first

drop of sweat of Lord Siva became 'Birappa' and the second drop became

'Mallanna'. But the story narrated by Oggu Pujaries says that Mallanna is the

son of Adireddi and Neelima Devi who was born by the grace of Lord

Parameswara and the Oggu Pujaries are his descendents, that is they belong

to the lineage of Mallanna and his Brahmin wife Bapana Ratnangi. Having

come from the womb of a Brahmin mother gives them a status to serve the

God in the temple." The Kurumas and the Gollas are devotees of Siva and

worship him in different forms. The Kuruvas (also pronounced as Kuruma in

Telangana) and the Gollas worship this god in his various incarnations -

Birappa, Bira Lingeswara, Samba Siva, Sambhudu, Sankara Mahadeva,

Rudra, Golla Mallayya, Chenchu Mallayya, Parvathala Mallanna, Srisaila

Mallanna, Komarelli Mallanna, Katta Mallanna, Mailara, Maillari, Jangama,

Khadelraya etc., for the pastoral community their god is Vira / Hero), with an

awe inspiring personality sitting on a horse back with his consort (satisametha

Sayudhasvika Virudu) (Murthy 1994;. 66 (ed.)). This extract from the article

"Siva: The god of shepherds" by Murthy, M.L.K. gives a list of the various

forms of Siva worshipped by the Pastoral community. 'Majjiga Chandraiah',

the oldest surviving of Oggu Pujaries of Inole also gave a similar list of various

places of worship of kshetras and the names, "Mallanna is also called as

Mailaru Devudu. There are many Malign gudis (temples). They are Eiloni,

Komarelli, Odela, Katta Mallanna, Katterasala, Jagityala, Parvatala, Yalala,

Srisailam and Egulagunta. So also there are few Oggu pujari families who

attend the deity in temple. Their surnames are Majjiga, Bandari, Are, Sera,

Marate. All these families are linga dharulu and narrate the Mallanna katha."2.

The Kurumas or Kuruvas are called as Kurubas in the neighbouring state of

Karnataka. A detailed note on the Kurubas of Karnataka given by Edgar

Thurston is as follows:

"The popular tradition as to origin of the caste is as follows. Originally

the Kurubas were Kapus. Their ancestors were Masi Reddi and Nilamma,

who lived on the Eastern Ghats by selling firewood and had six sons. Taking

pity on their poverty, Siva came begging to their house in the disguise of a

Jangam, and gave Nilamma some sacred ashes, while promising prosperity

through the birth of another son, who was called Undala Padmanna. The

family became prosperous through agriculture. But, unlike his six brothers,

Undala Padmanna never went out to work in the fields. They accordingly

contrived to get rid of him by asking him to set fire to some brushwood

concealing a white ant hill, in the hope that snake within it would kill him. But,

instead of a snake, an innumerable host of sheep appeared. Frightened at the

sight of these strange black beasts, Undala Padmanna took to his heels. But

Siva appeared, and told him that they were created for his livelihood, and that

he should rear them, and lives by their milk. He taught him how to milk the

sheep and boil the milk, and sent him to distant town, which was occupied by

rakshasas, to fetch fire. There the giants were keeping in bondage with a

Brahman girl, who fell in love with Undala Padmanna. They managed to

escape from the clutches of the rakshasas by arranging their beds over deep

pits, which were dug for their destruction. To save her lover, the girl

transformed him into a lizard. She then went with him to the place where his

flock was, and Undala Padmanna married a girl of his own caste, and had

male offspring by her as well as Brahman. At the marriage of these sons, a

thread kankanam (bracelet) was tied to the wrist of the caste woman's

offspring, and a woolen kankanam to that of the Brahman girl's sons. The

sons of the former were, therefore, called Atti (cotton) kankanadavaru, and

those of the latter Unni (woolen) kankanadavaru. The latter are considered

inferior, as they are hybrid origin. A third sub-division is that of the Ande

kurubas, named after the small vessel (ande) used in milking goats. In a note

on the Kurubas of Alur, Thikka, meaning a simpleton, is given as the name of

an important division. It is noted in the Mysore Census report, 1901, that the

Kurubas have not taken kindly to education, and are by nature so simple that

Kuruba has, in some places, become a byword for a simpleton. The Kurubas

are also known as Halu Mata, or milk caste, as they believe that they were

created out of milk by Revana Siddeswara. In Hindustani they are called

Dhangars, or rich people. Some, inspite of their poor dress and appearance,

are well-to-do. At the Madras Census, 1901, Kavadiga, Kumpani, and

Rayarvamsam (Raja's clan) were returned by some members of the

community. In Mysore, the Karubas are said to be divided into Hande Kurubas

and Kurubas proper, who have no intercourse with one another. The later

worship Bire Devaru and are Saivites. According to another account, the Halu

Kurubas of Mysore have sub-divisions according to the day of the week, on

which they offer puja to their God i.e., Aditya Varada (Sunday) Brihaspati

Varada (Thursday), Soma Varada (Monday). "The Kurbas" Mr.H.A. Stuart

writes," are again sub-divided into clans or gumpus, each having a headman

or guru called a gaudu, who gives his name to the clan. And the clans are

again sub-divided into gotras or septs, which are mostly of totemistic origin,

and retain their totemistic character to this day. The Arisana gotram is

particularly worthy of notice. The name means saffron (turmeric), and this was

originally taboo; but, as this caused inconvenience, the korra grain has been

substituted, although the old name of the sept was retained"

EXAGAMOUS SEPTS

 NAME OF THE SEPT:

·         Agni

·         Alige

·         Andara

·         Ane

·         Arashina or Arisana

·         Arathi

·         Ari

·         Ariya

·         Avu

·         Bandi

·         Banni

·         Basal e

·         Batlu

·         Belii

·         Belu

·         SYNONYM IN ENGLISH

·         Fire

·         Drum

·         Booth

·         Elephant

·         Turmeric

·         Wave offering

·         Ebony

·         Noble

·         Snake

·         Cart

·         Prosopis spicigera

·         Basella rubra

·         Cup

·         Feronia Elephantum

·         AgegleMarmelos

·         56

·         Bende

·         Benise

·         Bevu orBevina

·         Binu

·         Bola

·         Chandra

·         Chelu

·         Chilla

·         Chinna or sinnata

·         Deva

·         Emme

·         Gali

·         Gauda

·         Gulimi

·         Halu

·         Hatti

·         Honnungara

·         Lbabire

·         Lrula

·         Iruvu

·         Jelakuppa

·         Jirige

·         Jivala

·         Kalle

·         Kanchu

·         Kavada

·         Kombu

·         Kori

·         Mana

·         Malli

·         Menusu

·         Hibiscusesculentus

·         Flint

·         Melia Asadirachta

·         Roll of woolen thread

·         Bangle

·         Moon

·         Scorpion

·         Strychnos Potatorum

·         Gold

·         A tree

·         Buffalo

·         Devil

·         Headman

·         Pick-axe

·         Milk

·         Hut

·         Gold ring

·         Tortise

·         Darkness

·         Black ant

·         Fish

·         Cummin

·         An insect

·         Bengal gram

·         Bell-metal

·         Coloured border of a cloth

·         Stick

·         Blanket

·         Measure

·         Jasmine

·         Pepper

·         Minchu

·         Mise

·         Mugga

·         Muttu

·         Nali

·         Nayi

·         Othu

·         Putta

·         Ratna

·         Samanthi or Savanti

·         Sama                                

·         Samudra

·         Sankhu

·         Sarige

·         Sury

·         Thuppa

·         Turaka

·         Ngara

·         Uppiri

·         Metal toe-ring

·         Mostache

·         Loom

·         Pearl

·         Bamboo tube

·         Dog

·         Goat

·         Ant-hill,; snake hole

·         Precious s.one

·         Chrysanthemum

·         Millet,Panicum Miliare

·         Ocean

·         Cocunch shell

·         Lace

·         Sun

·         Clarified butter

·         Muhammadan

·         Ring

·         earth-salt

*Mysore Census Report, 1901.

The titles of members of castes are gouda or heggade and the more

prosperous go by the name of Kaudikiaru, a corruption of Gaudikiaru. Many,

at the present day, have adopted the title Nayakkan. Some are called Gorava

Vandlu" (Edgar Thurston. 1987; pp. 139-142).

The traditional singing of Kurmas and the Oggu Pujaries is seen in its

continuity in many parts of Telangana, and in the district of Warangal,

Karimnagar and Ranga Reddy in particular. There is a four hundred years old

temple of "Mailanna" at Amberpet in Hyderabad where the annual festivals of

Mailanna are celebrated and the Oggu Katha is performed by Oggu Pujaries

who follow the' Khandoba' tradition, their dressing reflects their tradition. The

Khandoba tradition is seen in Maharastra. These Oggu Pujaries probably

could be the one referred as Maratis by Majjiga Chandrayya. There is also a

residential area in Hyderabad where in all the Kurumas live and this place is

called after the Kurumas as 'Kurmaguda'. Similarly, a remote village near

Warangal which is resided by a sect of Kurmas who live on agriculture and

Oggu Katha performances is also known by the same name of the performers

as 'Oggonipalle'. The uniqueness of this village is that the whole village

consists of forty families who live in huts built in a single street. Thus the

whole village is of a single street.

The Oggu Pujaries amongst the Kurumas who serve as the temple

priests has a dignity of status. Both Oggu Pujaries and the kurmollu dwell as

Oggu katha performers. Though the place of their performances vary their

story, narration, performance to a great extent remains the same. The

distinction between two kinds of performances is explained thus by a kuruma

of the Oggonipalle 'Uttareni Komarayya' "Aalla Tandrulu Allaku Gullichinru

Maa tandrulu Maaku Urlichinru-Their fathers gave them temples and they do

not perform outside the temples. We move from place to place, village to

village and perform the Oggu Katha and during the agriculture season we are

busy with the work here (showing the fields)"3.

The difference between the status of the Oggu Pujaries and other

kurumas is explained in the caste legend Mallanna Katha. The Oggu Pujaries

are believed to be the direct descendents of the off spring's of Mallanna and

Bapana Ratgnangi. However, we can find a positional difference amongst the

Oggu Pujaries. The Oggu Pujaries who perform the household rituals and the

patnalu during the jataras differentiate themselves from the Oggu Pujaries

who perform the rituals at the sanctified places of kshetras like Einavolu,

Komarelli, Odela, Sri Sailam, Katta etc. This issue was very clearly putforth by

a Oggu Pujari of Hyderabad who works for the Caravan Malleswara Swami

Gudi Munge Narayya, "we are Oggu Pujaries. All the months of the year

except the ashadamasa are good for the Mallanna Pelli (marriage). We

perform the rituals at the caravan Malleshwara Swami gudi in the season from

Sankranthi to Ugadi. We also go to houses of gollalu to fulfill their mokkulu.

We draw the patnalu and perform the ritual. So also we become a part of the

marriage celebrations. There will not be any marriage without our

involvement. We sing the auspicious songs and narrate the Mallanna Katha,

Ellamma Katha, Beerappa Katha, and Narashima Katha, suiting to the

'mokku' and occasion. We use the Oggu Dolu and the Talam' for this

purpose. The Oggu Pujaries at big temples like Komarelli, Eiloni, Odela and

katte use Jaggu an instrument, which looks like "Damaru", and they are called

as Jaggollu. They do not come to houses. They perform 'patnalu', laggalu'

and other activities within their respective temples' (plate 4).4

The right to perform at the temple to conduct the rituals and then to

perform at households and to perform for public without being connected with

the rituals is strictly followed by the Kurmas and the Oggu Pujaries. . So also

are the duties assigned to the Oggu Pujaries. The rites executed by the

Jagollu in the kshetras can be broadly divided into two types- the first being

those which are done daily and the second being those rites which are done

occasionally.5 The rites that are executed daily are regarding the services of

the temple deity. Cleaning the temple, sanctum sanctorum early in the

morning before the arrival of the pujari to perform puja is regularly practiced in

the Einavolu Mallanna temple. Majjiga Chandraiah, belonging to the Oggu

Pujari family gave the following duties regarding their duties at the temple.

"We people the Oggu Pujaries in Eileni belong to Majjiga family. Each of our

families serves the temple for a period of one year. And the duty of attending

the temple services is rotated to each family and is usually done by the eldest

member of the family. Right now this year my nephew - my brother's son

Majjiga Lakshminarasayya is serving".6 The details given by Majjiga

Chandrayya throw light on the importance of Oggollu as priests. Though the

Endowments department has employed a priest in the temple the services of

Oggu Pujaries are practiced even today. And regarding their occasional

duties are to perform patnalu during pandagalu, or to fulfill the mokkus during

marriages of the God etc. Narrating Mallanna Katha is also a part of their

occasional duties.

The ritual acts that are invariably the job of Oggu Pujaries are very

organized. Normally the rituals conducted by these pastoral families can be

classified into two:

1. Rituals at household 2. Rituals at Mallanna Temple

RITUALS AT HOUSEHOLD:

These rituals are conducted by Oggu Pujaries at the houses or at

temples. Munge Narayana Oggu Pujari of Hyderabad elaborated on the

household rituals by Oggu Pujaries similar to the observations of Edgar

Thurston, which is given hereunder:

"When a girl reaches puberty, she is kept in a corner of the house for

eight days. On the ninth day she bathes, and food is taken to her by an old

woman of the house. Kuruba women are invited to be present in the evening.

The girl, covered with a blanket, is seated on a raised place. Those

assembled throw rice over her feet, knees, shoulders, and head and into her

lap. Coloured turmeric and lime water is then waved three or five times round

her, and ravikes (body-cloths) are presented to her.

The following account of the marriage ceremonial was recorded in

Western Bellary. When a marriage has been settled between the parents of

the young people, visits are exchanged by the two families. On a fixed day,

the contracting couple sits on a blanket at the bride's house, and five women

throw rice over five parts of the body as at the menstrual ceremony. Betel

leaves and areca nuts are placed before them, of which the first portion is set

apart for the god Birappa, the second for the Gauda, another for the house

god, and so on up to the tenth. A general distribution then takes place. The

ceremony, which is called sakshi vilya or witness betel-leaf, is brought to a

conclusion by waving in front of the couple a brass vessel, over the mouth of

which five betel leaves and a ball of ashes are placed. They then prostrate

themselves before the guru. For the marriage ceremony, the services of the

Guru, a Jangam or a brahman priest, are called into requisition. Early on the

wedding morning, the bridal couple are anointed and washed. A space, called

the irani square, is marked out by placing at the four corners a pot filled with

water. Round each pot a cotton thread is wound five times. Similar thread is

also tied to the milk post of the marriage pandal (booth), which is made of

pipal (ficus religiosa) wood, within the square a pestle, painted with red and

white stripes, is placed, on which the bride and bridegroom, with two young

girls, seat themselves. Rice is thrown over them, and they are anointed and

washed. To each a new cloth is given, in which they dress themselves, and

the wrist thread (kankanam) is tied on all four. Presents are given by relations,

and arathi (red water) is waved round them. The bridegroom is decorated with

a bashingam (chaplet of flowers) and taken on a bull to a Hanuman's shrine

along with his best man. Coconuts, camphor and betel are given to the priest

as an offering to the god. According to the another account, both bride and

bridegroom go to the shrine, where a matron ties on their forehead chaplets of

flowers, pearls etc. At the marriage house a dais has been erected close to

the milk post, and covered with a blanket, on which a mill-stone and basket

filled with cholum (andropogon sorghum) are placed. The bridegroom,

standing with a foot on the stone and the bride with a foot on the basket, the

gold tali, after it has been touched by five married women, is tied round the

bride's neck by the officiating priest, while those assembled throw rice over

the happy pair, and bless them. According to another version, a bed sheet is

interposed as a screen, so that the bride and bridegroom cannot see each

other. On the three following days, the newly married couple sit on the

blanket, and rice is thrown over them. In Western Bellary, the bridegroom, on

the third day, carries the bride on his waist to Hanuman temple, where

married women throw rice over them. On the fifth morning, they are once

more anointed and washed within the irani square, and, towards evening, the

bride's father hands her over to her husband, saying "she was till this time a

member of my sept and house. Now I hand her over to your sept and house".

On the night of the sixth day, a ceremony called booma idothu (food placing)

is performed. A large metal vessel (gangalam) is filled with rice, ghi (clarified

butter), curds and sugar. Round this some of the relations of the bride and

bridegroom sit, and finish off the food. The number of those who partake

thereof must be an odd one, and they must eat the food as quickly as

possible. If anything goes wrong with them, while eating or afterwards, it is

regarded as an omen of impending misfortune. Some even considers it as an

indication of the bad character of the bride.

Concerning the marriage ceremony of the Kurubas of North Arcot

Mr.Stuart writes as follows: "As a preliminary to the marriage, the

bridegroom's father observes certain marks or curls on the head of the

proposed bride. Some of these are believed to forebode prosperity, and

others only misery to the family, into which the girl enters. They are, therefore,

very cautious in selecting only such girls as possess curls (suli) of good

fortune. This curious custom obtaining among this primitive tribe is observed

by others only in the case of the purchase of cows, bulls, and horses. One of

the good curls is the bashingam found on the forehead; and the bad ones are

the peyanakallu at the back of the head, and the near the right temple. But

widowers seeking for wives are not generally particular in this respect. (As

bad curls are supposed to cause the death of the man who is their possessor,

she is, I am informed, married to a widower,) The marriage is celebrated in

the bridegroom's house, and, if the bride belongs to a different village, she is

escorted to that of the bridegroom, and is made to wait in a particular spot

outside it, selected for the occasion. On the first day of the marriage, purna

kumbam, a small decorated vessel containing milk or ghi, with a two anna

piece and a coconut placed on the betel leaf spread over the mouth of it, is

taken by the bridegroom's relations to meet the bride's party. There the

distribution of pan supari takes place, and both parties return to the village.

Meanwhile, the marriage booth is erected, and twelve twigs of naval (Eugenia

Jambolana) are tied to the twelve pillars, the central or milk post, under which

the bridal pair sit, being smeared with turmeric, and a yellow thread being tied

thereto. At an auspicious hour of the third day, the couples are made to sit in

the booth, the bridegroom facing the east, and the bride facing west. On a

blanket spread near the kumbam, 21/2 measures of rice, a tali or bottu, one

coconut, betel leaf and camphor are placed. The Gaudu places a bail of

vibhuti (Sacred ashes) thereon, breaks a coconut, and worships the kumbam,

while camphor is burnt. The gaudu next takes the tali, blesses it, and gives it

to the bridegroom, who ties it round the bride's neck. The Gaudu then,

throwing rice on the heads of the pair recites a song. In which the names of

various people are mentioned, and concluding Oh! Happy girl; Oh!

Prosperous girl; Basava has come; remove your veil; The girl then removes

her veil and the men and women assembled throw rice on the heads of the

bridal pair. The ends of their garments are then tied together, and two girls

and three boys are made to eat out of the plates placed before the married

couple. A feast to all their relations completes the ceremony. The Gaudu

receives 21/2 measures of rice, five handfuls of nuts and betel leaf, and

twelve saffrons (pieces of turmeric) as his fee. Even though the girl has

attained puberty, the nuptial ceremony is not coincident with the wedding, but

is celebrated a few months later". In like manner, among the Kammas,

Gangimakkulu, and other classes consummation does not take place until

three months after the marriage ceremony, as it is considered unlucky to have

three heads of a family in a household during the first year of marriage. By the

delay, the birth of a child should take place only in the second year, so that,

during the first year, there will be only two heads, husband and wife, At a

marriage among the Kurubas of the Madura district, a chicken is waved in

front of the contracting couple, to aver the evil eye. The maternal uncle's

consent to a marriage is necessary and, at the wedding, he leads the bride to

the pandal. A Kuruba may, I am informed marry two sisters, either on the

death of one of them or if his first wife has no issues, or suffers from an

incurable disease. Some twenty years ago, when an unmarried kuruba girl

was taken to a temple, to be initiated as a Basavi (dedicated prostitute), the

caste men prosecuted the father as a protest against the practice.

In the North Arcot district, according to Mr.Stuart, "the mother and child

remain in a separate hut for the first ten days after delivery. On the eleventh

day, all the Kuruba females of the village bring each a pot of hot water, and

bathe the mother and child. Betel and nut are distributed, and all the people of

the village eat in the mother's house. On the next market day, her husband,

with some of his male friends, goes to a neighbouring market, and consults

with a Korava or Yerukala what name is to be given to the child, and the name

he mentions is then given to it". In a case, which came before the police in

the Bellary district in 1907, a woman complained that her infant child had been

taken away, and concealed in the house of another woman, who was

pregnant. The explanation of the abduction was that there is a belief that, if a

pregnant woman keeps a baby in her bed, she will have no difficulty at the

time of delivery.

Remarriage of widows is permitted .The ceremony is performed in a

temple or dark room, and the tali is tied by a widow a women dedicated to the

deity, or a Dasayya (mendicant) of their own caste. According to another

account a widow is not allowed to wear a tali, but is presented with a cloth.

Hence widow married into families, in which no widow remarriage has been

taken place and are treated like ordinary members of the community.

In Western Bellary I, gathered that the dead are buried, those who

have been married with the face upwards, others with the face down wards.

The grave is dug north and south, and the head is placed to the south. Earth

is thrown into the grave by relations before it is filled in. A mound is raised

over it, and three stones are set up, over the head, navel, and feet. The eldest

son of the deceased places on his left shoulder a pot filled with water, in the

bottom of which three small holes are made, through which the water

escapes. Proceeding from the spot, beneath which the head rests, he walks

round the grave and then drops the pot so that it falls on the mound, and goes

home without looking back. This ceremony is a very important one with both

Kurubas and Bedars. In the absence of a direct heir, he who carries the pot

claims the property of the deceased, and is considered to be the inheritor

thereof. For the propitiation of ancestors, cooked rice and sweetmeats, with a

new turban and cloth or petticoat, according to the sex of the deceased,

offered up. Ancestors, who died childless, unless they left property, do not

receive homage. It is noted, in the Bellary Gazetteer, that "an unusual rite is in

some cases observed after deaths, a pot of water being worshipped in the

house on the eleventh day after the funeral, and taken the next morning and

emptied in some lonely place. The ceremony is named the calling back of the

dead, but its real significance is not clear.

Of the death ceremonies in the North arcot district, Mr.Stuart writes that

"the son, or, in his absence, a near relative goes round the grave three times,

carrying a pot of water, in which he makes a hole at each round. On the third

round he throws down the pot, and returns home straight, without turning his

face towards the direction of the grave. For three days the four carriers of the

bier are not admitted into their houses, but they are fed at the cost of the

deceased's heir. On the third day, cooked rice, a fowl and water are taken to

the burial ground and placed near the grave, to be eaten by the spirit of the

dead. The son, and all his relations, returns home, beating on their mouths.

Pollution is observed for ten days, and, on the eleventh day, sheep and fowls

are killed, and a grand feast is given to the Kurumbas of the village. Before

the feast commences, a leaf containing food is placed in a corner of the house

and worshipped. This is removed on the next morning, and placed over the

roof, to be eaten by crows. If the deceased be a male, the glass bangles worn

by his wife on her right arm are broken on the same day" (Thurston 1987,

143-150).

Munge Narayan, a Oggu Pujari of Hyderabad said so regarding the

various rituals conducted by them. "We perform different rituals right from

"Jeeva" (human) kalyanam to the 'deva' (God) kalyanam and the drawing of

patnam is done only on the demand of the devotees. If at all there is a mokku

only the patnam is performed. Depending on the kind of mokku on whom it is

owed we draw the 'patnam', and invite the God or Goddess to accept the

offerings made by the devotees. Different items are used for different

patnams. For example the moduga aku and tangedu aku powders which are a

must for the Mallana's patnam. The figure drawn as patnam contains the

pictures of Trisulam', Paadaalu, 'Jaggu' and 'Om'. The only difference

between the patnalu done by Oggollu coming to the houses and the Jaggollu

is the use of Jaggu the Oggu Pujaries at different kshetras use jaggu while

singing the various songs."

Colour Pattern in the Patnam

Chandanamu = Pasupu + Sunnam

Pasupu - Pasupu

Pacha = Thangedi Aku + Moduga Aku

Telupu = Biyyapindi

The mokkulu are of different and depend on the type of wishes and

beliefs of the Golla community. Usually rituals at households are conducted

on the occasions like birth, marriage and death ceremonies. The various types

of patnalu are maila patnamu, chilukala patnamu, pedda patnamu, inti

patnamu etc. The patnalu are drawn to stand as the place of worshipping the

God. A square is drawn with the following materials.

Patnam

Polu muntalu

pots

Polu daaram

Figure is drawn

with various powders

Small mud

Threads

Wooden slates are used to draw the patnalu. These wooden

slates/palakalu are known as kangollu. The four small pots used as border to

the patnam are called 'Polumuntalu' and the thread running across these four

pots is called as 'Polu Daaramu'. A pasupumudda or turmeric ball is placed on

a tamalapaku or betel leaf and placed on the patnam drawn. This

pasupumudda is treated as Gauramma. Dry broken coconut halves are most

important articles for this ritual; they are called as kobbare Kudakalu.

Besides the mokkulu and patnalu yet another occasion of great

importance is that of the marriages. As said by Munge Narayana marriages or

Kalyanams of both the human and the super-human are conducted by them.

The job of Oggu Pujari begins well before the day of the actual marriage and

ends exactly after a week days after the marriage. The marriage described

here was conducted by Munge Narayana and his son Munge Pochayya and

the details given here are by Sarlandri Balamma (75 yrs) the grand mother of

the bride 'Sunita' brides father S. Yadayya yadav's mother and Bola Boyini

Lakshmamma bride's grand mother Yashodamma bride's mother.8 The Oggu

Pujaries come home three days before the marriage in the evening when the

girl is made 'pelli kuturu'. It is to their drum beat that all the proceedings such

as giving the new saree, flowers, bangles etc., to the bride and then dressing

of the bride is made. Then they again come on the night before the marriage

to perform 'maila polu'. Actually the maila polu is performed by the mangali

(barber) he draws a square like figure with jonnalu (jawar) of about 5 kgs and

make the girl sit on it. This is called maila pollu. While this act is being done

the Oggu Pujari should play the Oggu dolu. He heads the pendli melam to the

marriage place (function hall). Though we employ the music band it is only a

mere ornamentation. It is the Oggu Dolu, which is important for us. At the

marriage the Oggu pujari prepares the mutyala polu. Mutyala polu is prepared

with rice grains, polu muntalu and polu daram. Beating of Oggu Dolu

continues while the dias / Mutyala Polu is prepared. The bride and groom are

made to sit on the dias. Though the Bapana Pujari conducts the actual

marriage- tying the 'puste' and Talavalu (Talambralu) it is the Oggu Pujari who

stands before and after the puste kattadam. After the puste is tied, the

Oggollu conduct the Nagavelli. First they sing a song in praise of lord Surya.

They make the newly wedded to bow to Suryadeva. It is called surya

namaskaram. Then they make the bride and bridegroom talk to each other for

the first time where in they involve the bridegroom's sister as well. They sing

songs on Mallanna Pelli like.

"Komarelli Mallanna Pelli Ilia inta nedu Golla Ketamma Pendli ill inta

nedu". Then they also sing some Jola patalu, mangala aratulu and the like.

The Oggu Pujari also announces the details of the 'katnalu' given to the bride

and the bridegroom. Their presence is a must both in the 'pedda indulu

(vindulu) given by the groom's family and the chinna indulu given by the

bride's family. The playing of Oggu Dolu is a must in both these parties. Then

they come again on the eighth day of the marriage exactly on the same day

after a week days of the marriage and perform gadapa kadagatam (washing

the threshold of the house). , Draw the muggu, perform puja and apply

'bandari to all the family members and go after taking their katnam" (plate 5).

The role of bapana pujari is dominated by the Oggu pujari in the marriages of

the Gollas. Though the ritual practices of Oggu Pujari on other occasions such

as birth, bonalu, etc., have got minimized, their significance in marriages still

continues.

Other two occasions of the ritual performance of the Oggu Pujari are

palu pattu and bonalu. During the palu pattu milk is poured in a bronze vessel

and then some songs on Mallanna or Birappa are sung and then the Oggu

Pujari drinks the milk. During the Bonalu festival falling in the month of Ashada

the pastoral communities perform Bonalu of two kinds i.e. Mallanna Bonalu

and Birappa Bonalu. Bonam means food offered to God. A new pot is filled

with cooked food and decorated from outside with turmeric powder, kumkum

powder and rice powder. The women of the community wear new or silk

sarees, adorn themselves with ornaments, apply turmeric powder to the face

and feet, and put a big bottu with red kumkum. They place the Bonam on the

head and go to the temple. All the members of the family together accompany

them. They are lead by the Oggu Pujari who accompany them by playing the

Oggu Dolu. Bonam is also offered as per the wish of the devotees, besides

from the ashada masam.

Besides all these household rituals, the annual festival which is

celebrated at a grand scale is the Mallanna panduga. Mallanna panduga

begins at various kshetras such as Einavolu, Komarelli, Sri Sailam, Odela

etc., begins from kartika Amavasya, or 'Satti Amassa'. The Sunday, which

comes after this amasa, is called dandi varam or the big week. The devotees

take up the deeksha of Mallanna and start their prayers. They fast on every

Sunday and Wednesday. They do not eat non-vegetarian food on these days.

The devotees who have the mokku go to the temples and ask the Oggu Pujari

to perform the patnam. The 'Pedda patnam' is performed on the day of 'Siva

ratri'. The Oggu Pujaries who has the right to perform this at that particular

temple together draws the patnam. To perform these patnams they go to

'putta' (Anthill) and get the red soil of pit. This soil is called as putta bangaram.

They prepare a small stage with the putta bangaram and draw the patnam on

it. They ask the devotees to get the Mallanna Bonam and make aaragimpu

 (offering of food) to the God. They recite the Mallanna Katha or Birappa

through out the night of the Sunday. The Oggu Pujaries invoke the Gods to

stay in the patnam, they also invite the Gods on the request of the devotees. If

the devotees wish for the invocation of Ellamma, the Pujari invites Ellamma on

the patnam. Thus the different patnams are seen on the name of each God or

Goddess. The Einavolu or Eileni Mallikarjuna Swamy Devasthanam also

comes to life during the time of Mallanna Panduga celebrated from Sankranti

to Ugadi.

Though the changing times have decreased the number of occasions

for performance of Oggu Pujari and Oggu rituals, the significance of Oggu

Pujari in the society during the marriages and Mallanna Pandugalu remains

the same. So also the performance of Oggu Katha. The Oggu Katha

performance, which was recorded minutely for this study, was done by the

Oggu Pujari of Mallikarjuna Swami Devasthanam at Einavolu. The Oggu

Pujari performed the patnam as a mokku for a family of non-Gollas from

Warangal and performed the Mallanna Katha on the same night.9. The

participants of this performance were (plates 6,7)

Majjiga Lakshmi Narsayya - Pradhana Kathakudu

Majjiga Bhumayya - Vantakudu

Majjiga Sayilu - Oggu Dolu

Majjiga Mallayya - Talam

Are Mondayya - Talam

As observed earlier both, the Kurmollu and Oggollu perform Oggu

Katha. While the Oggollu perform in temples and as part of the rituals, the

kurmollu perform it for public and on the demand of the public. Whether the

performance is by the Oggulu or the Kurmollu the performance inevitably

takes the name of Oggu Katha. This is because the name of the performance

is taken from the percussion instrument used by the performers that is the

Oggu Dolu (plate 8), hence the name of the art form is 'Oggu Katha'. The

Oggu Dolu is a significant part of both the rituals at the household and at the

temples. It remains as an identification mark of both the performers and the

performance and also for the community.

The performance doubled with a ritual base and religious background

slightly vanes from that o\ the secular performance. However, the dramatic

input in the narration of the text, and enactment is found intact. The various

theatrical elements involved in the performance of Oggu Katha are brought

out in the following chapter.

NOTES:

1. Interview with Sarlandiri Balamma 75 years of age, a Yadava lady,

May 1998, Hyderabad.

2. Interview with Majjiga Chandraiah (80 years), at Inole, October

1995.

3. Interview with Uttareni Komarayya, at Oggoripalle village near

Warangal, October 1995.

4. Interview with Munge Narayana at Hyderabad, May 1998.

5. A similar practice was seen in the classical dance tradition of

Odissi. The practice of performing inside the temple and outside the

temple was strictly followed by the Maharis or Devadasis of the

temple dancers of Puri Jagannadha Swami Temple. The dancers

who perform in the temple were called Bither Gauni and those who

perform outside the temple are called Bahar Gauni. They never

exchanged their places of performances.

6. Interview with Majjiga Chandrayya at Einavole, October 1995.

7. Interview with Munge Narayana at Hyderabad, May 1998.

8. Interview with Sarlandiri Balamma and Bola Boyini Lakshmamma

and Yashodamma at Hyderabad, May 1998.

9. The ritual of Patnalu was performed in the guesthouse adjacent to

the temple. The family and the relatives numbering nearly 50 have

come from Warangal to fulfill their Mokkulu. Majjiga Laxminarsayya

who officiated the ritual was playing the Jaggu, a percussion

instrument. As part of the sacred singing, he was mentioning the

names of the head of the family who was fulfilling the mokku and

glorifying their lineage.